Affirmative and negative - Wikipedia. In linguistics and grammar, affirmative and negative (abbreviated respectively AFF and NEG) are terms of opposite meaning which may be applied to statements, verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances. Essentially an affirmative (positive) form is used to express the validity or truth of a basic assertion, while a negative form expresses its falsity. Examples are the sentences . This means that a sentence, verb phrase, etc. Affirmative is typically the unmarked polarity, whereas a negative statement is marked in some way, whether by a negating word or particle such as Englishnot, an affix such as Japanese - nai, or by other means, which reverses the meaning of the predicate. The process of converting affirmative to negative is called negation . In English, these are yes and no respectively, in French oui, si and non, in Swedish ja, jo and nej, and so on. Not all languages make such common use of particles of this type; in some (such as Welsh) it is more common to repeat the verb or another part of the predicate, with or without negation accordingly. Complications sometimes arise in the case of responses to negative statements or questions; in some cases the response that confirms a negative statement is the negative particle (as in English: ? Some languages have a distinct form to answer a negative question, such as French si and Swedish jo (these serve to contradict the negative statement suggested by the first speaker). Grammatical rules for negation. This may be added before the verb phrase, as with the Spanishno: Est. In some other languages the negating particle follows the verb or verb phrase, as in Dutch: Ik zie hem. Similar use of two negating particles can also be found in Afrikaans: Hy kan nie Afrikaans praat nie (. If no such verb is present then the dummy auxiliarydo (does, did) is introduced . For example: I have gone . For more details see English grammar . It could be argued that English has joined the ranks of these languages, since negation requires the use of an auxiliary verb and a distinct syntax in most cases; the form of the basic verb can change on negation, as in . Zwicky and Pullum have shown that n't is an inflectional suffix, not a clitic or a derivational suffix. In some languages negation may also affect the dependents of the verb; for example in some Slavic languages, such as Russian, the case of a direct object often changes from accusative to genitive when the verb is negated. Negation of other elements. English generally places not before the negated element, as in .
Making sentences negative in French is a bit more complicated than in English. This summary of the different kinds of negation and negation-related grammatical. In logic, negation, also called logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition p to another proposition 'not p', written Tex's French Grammar is the integral grammar component of Fran. Synonyms for negation at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of the Day. Such elements are called privatives. Multiple negation. For example, in Russian, . Italian behaves in a similar way: Non ti vede nessuno, . In Italian, a clause works much as in Russian, but non does not have to be there, and can be there only before the verb if it precedes all other negative elements: Tu non porti mai nessuno da nessuna parte. In French, where simple negation is performed using ne .. For example, in English, the meaning of . For more details and other similar cases, see the relevant sections of English modal verbs. In some cases, by way of irony, an affirmative statement may be intended to have the meaning of the corresponding negative, or vice versa. For examples see antiphrasis and sarcasm. For the use of double negations or similar as understatements (. Inflection: English n't. Biber refers to two types of negation, synthetic ('no', 'neither' or 'nor' negation) and analytic ('not' negation). Horn, A Natural History of Negation. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 5. Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, Randi Reppen, . ISBN 0- 5. 21- 4. Tettamanti, Marco; Manenti, Rosa; Della Rosa, Pasquale A.; Falini, Andrea; Perani, Daniela; Cappa, Stefano F.; Moro, Andrea (2. Modulating action representation.
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